AbstractTürkiye has a long history of hosting millions of refugees, but since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, it has emerged as the world's leading refugee‐hosting country. Due to this fact, the frequency of refugee inflows to Türkiye has attracted us to explore refugees' macroeconomic impacts as the ongoing political and social debates in Türkiye regarding refugees are immensely focused on their economic impacts. Hence, this paper investigates the effect of refugees on unemployment in Türkiye. The study utilizes the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) Bounds Test approach from 1991 to 2021. Our results yield the pronounced positive and aggravating impact of refugees on unemployment rates in Türkiye. Türkiye's policymakers should focus on local economic policies to improve the refugees' formal integration into the labour market to resolve the negative economic effect of refugee hosting on the labour market.
This study is an outcome of the IR663 Ph.D. level course at METU Department of International Relations. Hence, the author wants to thank Prof.Dr. Huseyin Bagci, the instructor of the course, for his guidance and support. ; This paper aims to understand how the American strategic culture and perception of security have been shaped over time and what its main features are. American strategic culture has been nourished from the historical, geographical, and political realities of the country. Being a country founded by immigrants, making a great America was also part of the nation-building process. Moreover, the continent's geographical conditions have led the United States of America to be a more powerful state to intervene in political and military issues worldwide. According to Robert Kagan, the interventionist character, the role of security provider, and disfavoring the international law and organizations are the American foreign policy's main features. In this respect, this paper focuses on these three aspects and evaluate them in its limitation. Although there are many studies upon American foreign policy, this study diverges itself from the existing literature by putting Robert Kagan's interpretations to its center. ; Bu çalışma, Amerikan stratejik kültürü ve güvenlik algısının zamanla nasıl şekillendiğini ve temel özelliklerinin neler olduğunu anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Amerikan stratejik kültürü, ülkenin tarihsel, coğrafi ve siyasal gerçekliklerinden beslenmektedir. Göçmenler tarafından kurulmuş bir ülke olarak Amerika'nın güçlü bir ülke yapılması aynı zamanda ulus inşası sürecinin de bir parçasıydı. Dahası, kıtanın coğrafi koşulları Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ni dünya çapında siyasal ve askeri olaylara müdahale etmek için daha da güçlü bir devlet yapmaya itmiştir. Robert Kagan'a göre, müdahalecilik, güvenlik sağlayıcılık ve uluslararası hukuku ve organizasyonları ikinci plana atmak Amerikan dış politikasının temel özellikleridir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, bu üç boyuta odaklanmakta ve bunları değerlendirerek kısıtlanmıştır. Amerikan dış politikası üzerine yazılmış birçok çalışma olsa da bu çalışma Robert Kagan'ın yaklaşımlarını merkeze alarak kendini mevcut literatürden farklılaştırmaktadır.
Bu çalışma uluslararası hukuk ve ilişkilerin en tartışmalı kavramlarından biri olan self-determinasyonun 20'nci yüzyıldaki gelişim sürecine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ortaya çıkmakla birlikte, ilk defa Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı ile geniş kapsamlı bir uluslararası antlaşma içerisinde muğlak bir şekilde kendine yer bulan bu kavram San Francisco Konferansı'ndan itibaren detaylı bir incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Birleşmiş Milletler teşkilatı tarafından hayata geçirilen düzenlemeler özelinde incelenen self-determinasyon tartışmalarının temelde üç ana eksende yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. İç self-determinasyon ve dış self-determinasyon olarak ifade edilen birinci tartışma self-determinasyonun kapsamına yöneliktir. İlke ve hak kavramları üzerinden yapılan ikinci tartışma self-determinasyonun anlamına ilişkindir. Son tartışma ise self-determinasyona dayanacak olan özne, yani, "peoples" kavramı üzerinde yaşanmaktadır. Çalışma, literatürden ayrılan bir yönüyle San Francisco Konferansı tutanakları ile konuya ilişkin önem arz eden Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul kararları görüşme tutanaklarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Bu anlamda çalışma, self-determinasyon kavramına ilişkin ilke-hak tartışmasının ikinci lehine artık son bulduğunu, ancak diğer iki tartışmanın daha sıcaklığını koruduğunu göstermektedir. ; This study focuses on the development process of self-determination in the 20th century, which is one of the most controversial concepts of international law and relations. Although emerged before the Second World War, this concept, which was ambiguously included in a comprehensive international agreement with the United Nations Charter for the fi rst time, has been subjected to a detailed examination in the study since the San Francisco Conference. It has been determined that the self-determination discussions, which are examined in terms of the regulations implemented by the United Nations, are basically held in three main axes. The fi rst discussion, expressed as internal self-determination and external self-determination, is about the extent of the concept. The second discussion, made through the concepts of principle and right, is about the meaning of self-determination. The last discussion is on the subject, namely "peoples", who may rest on self-determination. The study examines in detail the minutes of the San Francisco Conference and the meeting minutes of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, which are important on the subject, in a way that diff ers from the literature. In this sense, the study shows that the principle-right debate on the concept of self-determination is now ended in favor of the latter, but the other two discussions remain warm.
Despite the vast literature on public administration education (PAE), there is still a need for a broader perspective and exploration of its general characteristics, focal points, and objectives to create an overarching framework. Stemming from this motivation, this study establishes an investigative point of view that considers both the structural and functional dimensions of existing literature, embracing the big questions of PAE proposed by Denhardt, as a precise foundational base. By conducting a content analysis on 1401 program learning outcomes from 110 universities offering undergraduate public administration programs in Türkiye, the study provides national-scale qualitative evidence for the big questions. The prominent findings indicate that PAE prioritizes equipping graduates with practical skills beyond immediate job preparation in the functional axis, while it appears to overlook the theoretical gains in the structural axis. Findings on competencies make a supportive contribution to the scholarly discourse on PAE, emphasizing the crucial role of managerial and technical competencies for future roles. Remarkably, less visible but insightful final findings regarding values such as ethics, human rights, social justice, equality, and democracy have the potential to be inspiring in clarifying and realizing the PAE's meta-goal, whose definition and scope are not yet clear.
Blog post on METUMIR ; On 23 September 2020, the European Commission proposed a new Pact on Migrants and Asylum for a more holistic migration management system that is suggested to be reliable and predictable with comprehensive approaches. The Pact is based on two main "developments" to the current challenges at borders. Firstly, it is expected to vastly accelerate the procedures, which are proposed to be limited to 5 days for the initial process and 12 weeks in total for the appeal period. Therefore, neither borders will be piled up with migrants, nor those migrants will have to wait in the detention centers for a longer period. The second aspect of the Pact is to ensure fair burden-sharing and solidarity of the host Member States which are entitled to relocate the migrants in (or in the name of) another Member State, to encourage those who have been seeking asylum to return or to provide operational support unless they are able to perform the first two actions. As such, the Pact is claimed to strengthen internal and external management with common governance of migration not by an individual Member State but by the whole EU.
